La banca estadounidense en los Andes durante la década de 1920
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37894/ai.v36i1.991Palabras clave:
Banca, Comercio exterior, Crédito internacional, Países andinos, RedesResumen
Después de la Primera Guerra Mundial, el mundo financiero cambió considerablemente. Los países exportadores de capital de años anteriores se convirtieron en deudores y los bancos estadounidenses emergieron con fuerza en los mercados internacionales de capital. Aunque varios de estos bancos ya se habían acercado a la región andina, durante la década de 1920 otros más se hicieron presentes. Sin embargo, su éxito fue temporal y no se extendió más allá de esa década, en tanto que los bancos locales y algunos europeos fueron los que desarrollaron la mayoría de las operaciones en el siguiente decenio. Este trabajo explora la evolución de los negocios de los bancos estadounidenses, rastreando sus orígenes a partir de la atomización de instituciones financieras y la expansión de la liquidez monetaria en el mercado de los EEUU, analiza sus operaciones en Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú y Venezuela en la década de 1920, y busca comprender su papel en el negocio bancario andino durante ese período de expansión económica y financiera de los Estados Unidos.
Citas
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QUIROZ, A., 1989. Banqueros en conflicto: estructura financiera y economía peruana, 1884–1930. Lima: Universidad del Pacífico.
ROBERTS, R., 1992. Schroders. Merchants & Bankers. London: MacMillan Press.
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THORP, R. & BERTRAM, G., 1978. Peru 1890-1977: Growth and Policy in an Open Economy. London: Macmillan.
VEESER, C., 2007. A World Safe for Capitalism: Dollar Diplomacy and America’s Rise to Global Power. New York: Columbia University Press.
WHITE, E., 2000. Banking and Finance in the Twentieth Century. En S. Engerman, & R. Gallman (eds.), The Cambridge Economic History of the United States (pp. 743-802). New York: Cambridge University Press.
WILLIAMS, C., 1901. Polk’s World Bank Directory. Chicago: The Bankers Encyclopedia Company.
ZIEGLER, P., 1988. The Sixth Great Power. Barings, 1762-1929. London: Collins Sons & Co.
ALEXANDER, L., 1992. Las finanzas públicas en el Ecuador liberal: 1895-1925. Secuencia, 23, pp. 125-172. doi:https://doi.org/10.18234/secuencia.v0i23.386
ALLEN, F. L., 1931. Only Yesterday: An Informal History of the 1920s. 1997th ed. New York: Wiley Investment Classics.
BARABÁSI, A.-L., 2014. Linked: How Everything Is Connected to Everything Else and What It Means for Business, Science, and Everyday Life. Boston, MA: Basic Books.
BONILLA, H., 1993. El Perú en el contexto internacional del siglo XIX. Humanitas. Revista de la Universidad de Lima, pp. 67-84.
BRUNER, R., & CARR, S., 2007. The Panic of 1907. Lessons Learned from the Market’s Perfect Storm. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM, 1943. Banking and Monetary Statistics. Washington, D.C.: Federal Reserve System.
BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM, 1959. All Bank Statistics United States. Washington, D.C.: Federal Reserve System.
BUREAU OF THE CENSUS, 1949. Historical Statistics of The United States, 1789-1945. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Commerce.
CAROSSO, V., 1970. Investment Banking in America: A History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, NEW YORK STATE, 1921. Sixty -Third Annual Report of the Corporation of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York. New York: Press of the Chamber of Commerce.
COHAN, W., 2007. The Last Tycoons. The Secret History of Lazard Frères & Co. New York: Anchor Books.
COHEN, L., 1990. Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939. Cambridge: Cambridge Univeristy Press.
CORTÉS, G., 1928. Los bancos y el Decreto Ley No. 559 sobre legislación bancaria. Santiago: Imprenta de la Armada.
DILLON READ, 1928. South America from an investment standpoint. New York: Dillon, Read & Co.
DILLON, L., 1927. La crisis económico-financiera del Ecuador. Quito: Editorial Artes Gráficas.
DRAKE, P. W., 1989. The Money Doctor in the Andes. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
FEDERAL RESERVE BOARD, 1918. Federal Reserve Bulletin. Washington: Government Printing Office.
FEIS, H., 1966. Diplomacy of the Dollar, 1919-1932. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
FOHLIN, C., & JAREMSKI, M., 2020. U.S. banking concentration, 1820-2019. Economics Letters, 190, 109104. doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109104
FORBES, I., 1978. The German Participation in the Allied Coercion of Venezuela 1902-1903. Australian Journal of Politics & History, 24(3), pp. 317-331.
FRIEDMAN, M. & SCHWARTZ, A. J., 1970. Monetary Statistics of The United States: Estimates, Sources, Methods. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Eco-nomic Research.
GOLDSMITH, R. W., 1958. Financial Intermediaries in the American Economy Since 1900. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
GRANADOS, O., 2015. Bankers, Entrepreneurs and Bolivian Tin in the International Economy, 1900-1932. En M. INGULSTAD, A. PERCHARD, & E. STORLI (eds.), Tin and Global Capitalism: The History of the Devil’s Metal (pp. 46-73). London: Routledge.
HENDERSON, P., 1997. Cocoa, finance and the state in Ecuador, 1895-1925. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 16(2), 169-186. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-3050(96)00011-3
KARNO, H., 1970. Augusto B. Leguia: The Oligarchy and the Modernization of Peru, 1870-1930. Los Angeles: Ph. D. Thesis, University of California.
KIMBER, A., 1921. Kimber’s Record of Government Debts and other Foreign Securities. New York: A.W. Kimber & Co.
LEETS, J., 2016. United States and Latin America; Dollar Diplomacy. Marrickville: Wentworth Press.
LIEBMANN, G., 2015. The Fall of the House of Speyer. New York: I.B. Tauris.
LINARES, H., 2013. Banca Venezolana. Caracas: Mimeo.
LIPA SINCHE, A., 2018. La convulsión financiera del Perú y la liquidación del Banco Perú y Londres de 1925-1931. ISHRA, Revista del Instituto Seminario de Historia Rural Andina, 2(3), pp. 65-82. doi:https://doi.org/10.15381/ishra.v2i3.14815.
LOWENSTEIN, R., 2015. America’s Bank: The Epic Struggle to Create the Federal Reserve. New York: Penguin Random House.
MARICHAL, C., 1988. La historia de la deuda latinoamericana. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
MCDOWALL, D., 1993. Quick to the Frontier: Canada’s Royal Bank. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart.
MCFERRIN, J., 1969. Caldwell and Company. A Southern Financial Empire (2nd ed.). Nashville, TN: Varderbilt University Press.
MELTZER, A., 2003. A History of the Federal Reserve, 1913-1951 (Vol. 1). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
MILLER, N., 2003. New World Coming: The 1920s and the Making of Modern America. New York: Scribner.
MITCHELL, N., 1999. The danger of dreams: German and American Imperialism in Latin America. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
MORA, M., 1992. Transformación del Sistema Bancario Colombiano, 1924-1931. Desarrollo y Sociedad, 30, pp. 145-187. doi:https://doi.org/10.13043/dys.30.6
NEARING, S. & FREEMAN, J., 1925. Dollar Diplomacy: A Study in American Imperialism. New York: Monthly Review Press.
NEWMAN, M., 2010. Networks: An Introduction . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
O’BRIEN, T. F., 1996. The Revolutionary Mission: American Enterprise in Latin America, 1900-1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
O’BRIEN, T. F., 1999. The Century of U.S. Capitalism in Latin America. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
OFFICE OF COMPTROLLER OF THE CURRENCY, 1930. Annual Report of the Comptroller of the Currency 1929. Washington: Government Printing Office.
QUIROZ, A., 1989. Banqueros en conflicto: estructura financiera y economía peruana, 1884–1930. Lima: Universidad del Pacífico.
ROBERTS, R., 1992. Schroders. Merchants & Bankers. London: MacMillan Press.
ROSENBERG, E., 1998. Revisiting Dollar Diplomacy: Narratives of Money and Manliness. Diplomatic History, 22(2), pp. 155-176.
ROSENBERG, E., 2003. Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of Dollar Diplomacy, 1900-1930. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.
ROTHBARD, M., 2002. A History of Money and Banking in the United States. Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute.
SUBERCASEAUX, G., Política económica contraría a los intereses nacionales. La Nación, Santiago, 15 de octubre de 1925.
TEMIN, P., 2000. The Great Depression. En S. Engerman, & R. Gallman (eds.), The Cambridge Economic History of the United States (pp. 301-328). New York: Cambridge University Press.
THORP, R. & BERTRAM, G., 1978. Peru 1890-1977: Growth and Policy in an Open Economy. London: Macmillan.
VEESER, C., 2007. A World Safe for Capitalism: Dollar Diplomacy and America’s Rise to Global Power. New York: Columbia University Press.
WHITE, E., 2000. Banking and Finance in the Twentieth Century. En S. Engerman, & R. Gallman (eds.), The Cambridge Economic History of the United States (pp. 743-802). New York: Cambridge University Press.
WILLIAMS, C., 1901. Polk’s World Bank Directory. Chicago: The Bankers Encyclopedia Company.
ZIEGLER, P., 1988. The Sixth Great Power. Barings, 1762-1929. London: Collins Sons & Co.
