Cambio climático observado y crisis alimentaria recurrente en Guatemala: evidencia climática 1970–2024
Observed climate change as a driver of recurrent food insecurity in Guatemala: a review of climatic evidence (1970-2024)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47069/estudios-ambientales.v14i1.3273Palabras clave:
ENOS, anomalías climáticas, resiliencia agroalimentaria, vulnerabilidad rural, estrés hídrico, enso, climate anomalies, agri-foof resilience, rural vulnerability, water stressResumen
Guatemala experimenta vulnerabilidades climáticas crecientes con impactos directos en la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional (SAN). Este estudio investiga el vínculo entre la variabilidad climática de largo plazo y la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional (SAN) en Guatemala. Para ello, se integraron las tendencias climáticas registradas entre 1970 y 2024 con indicadores de inseguridad alimentaria proyectados hasta 2026. Se examinaron series anuales de precipitación y temperatura en los 22 departamentos, empleando pruebas de Mann-Kendall, estimadores de Theil–Sen y el análisis de anomalías mediante Z-score. La variabilidad climática se cruzó con fases ENOS categorizadas (El Niño, La Niña y Neutral), y se compararon años secos y húmedos con prevalencia de desnutrición aguda a partir de datos IPC y SESAN. Los resultados muestran heterogeneidad en las precipitación e incremento de años secos (Z ≤ –1), especialmente después del año 2000. Las temperaturas máximas aumentaron entre +0.8 y +1.3 °C. Los episodios críticos de desnutrición aguda coincidieron sistemáticamente con eventos El Niño (2014–2015, 2018, 2023). Cuatro de los seis años más secos ocurrieron en la última década evaluada. El Niño se asoció con déficit de lluvia y La Niña con años húmedos, aunque sin revertir impactos acumulados. La evidencia confirma que existe un desplazamiento de un clima más cálido, seco y extremo, con consecuencias recurrentes sobre cultivos básicos y SAN. Se requiere migrar de respuestas reactivas a estrategias anticipatorias basadas en agua, suelo y gobernanza climática.
Abstract
Guatemala is experiencing increasing vulnerability to climate change with direct impacts on food and nutrition security (FNS). This study examines the relationship between long-term climate variability and food and nutrition security (FNS) in Guatemala. To this end, climate trends recorded between 1970 and 2024 were integrated with food insecurity projections through 2026. Annual precipitation and temperature time series across the 22 departments were examined using Mann–Kendall tests, Theil–Sen estimators, and Z-score anomaly analysis. Climate variability was analysed in relation to ENSO categories (El Niño, La Niña, and Neutral), and dry and wet years were were analyzed in relation to acute malnutrition prevalence based on IPC and SESAN data. The results show heterogeneity in precipitation and an increase in dry years (Z ≤ –1), especially after 2000. Maximum temperatures rose by +0.8 to +1.3°C. Periods of elevated acute malnutrition systematically coincided with El Niño events (2014–2015, 2018, and 2023). Four of the six driest years occurred in the last evaluated decade. El Niño was associated with rainfall deficits and La Niña with wet years, although accumulated impacts persisted. The evidence confirms a shift toward a warmer, drier, and extreme climate, with recurrent impacts on staple crops and FNS. A transition from reactive responses to anticipatory strategies grounded in integrated water, soil, and climate governance is required.
Citas
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